Journal: BMC Oral Health

Article Title: Synergistic proanthocyanidin-copper oxygen-generating microneedle enhances anti-inflammatory activity in dental pulp stem cells and macrophage efferocytosis

doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-07870-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: A : Fluorescence staining of ROS levels in macrophages cultured in the leachate of each hydrogel group; ( B ): Semi-quantitative analysis of ROS fluorescence staining; ( C , D , E) : Expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in macrophages cultured in the leachate of each hydrogel group; ( F) : Statistical analysis of macrophage efferocytosis index by immunofluorescence staining; G : Statistical analysis of macrophage efferocytosis index by flow cytometry; ( H ): Immunofluorescence staining to detect macrophage efferocytosis levels (blue: nuclei of macrophages; green: cell membrane of macrophages; red: apoptotic hDPSCs); ( I ): Flow cytometry detection of macrophage efferocytosis levels (FITC-A: F4/80-labeled macrophages; PE-A: CellTracker-labeled apoptotic cells)

Article Snippet: Macrophages (RAW264.7) were incubated for 24 h, and 1 mL of DMEM containing 200 ng/mL LPS was added to induce inflammation for 24 h, then 5 × 10 4 stained apoptotic cells and samples of different groups were added and co-cultured for 24 h. Then, it was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, washed with PBS, blocked with goat serum for 20 min at room temperature, and incubated with F4/80 antibody (Bosterbio, China) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane, Labeling

Journal: Journal of dairy science

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effect, digestive stability, and action mechanism of casein peptide SPAQILQW activating macrophages via N-terminal serine.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26400

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. SPAQILQW on the secretion of IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), IL-1β (C), iNOS (D), CCL2 (E), and CXCL2 (F) on RAW 264.7 cells. (*, P < 0.05 versus control group, **, P < 0.01 versus control group, ***, P < 0.001 versus control group, ****, P < 0.0001 versus control group)

Article Snippet: Action mechanism of SPAQILQW in vitro Effect of pathway inhibitors on cytokines expression in RAW264.7 cells The action mechanism of the peptide was verified by treating RAW 264.7 cells with common pathway inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor HY10256, ERK inhibitor HY-162460 and MEK inhibitor HY-12028, MedChemExpress Co., USA) for 2 h and then treated with SPAQILQW (100 μg/mL).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Journal of dairy science

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effect, digestive stability, and action mechanism of casein peptide SPAQILQW activating macrophages via N-terminal serine.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26400

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 8. The proliferative activity and cytokine expression of SPAQILQW-activated RAW 264.7 cells by TLR2 and TLR4 receptor inhibitors. Different lowercase letters in columns indicated significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Action mechanism of SPAQILQW in vitro Effect of pathway inhibitors on cytokines expression in RAW264.7 cells The action mechanism of the peptide was verified by treating RAW 264.7 cells with common pathway inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor HY10256, ERK inhibitor HY-162460 and MEK inhibitor HY-12028, MedChemExpress Co., USA) for 2 h and then treated with SPAQILQW (100 μg/mL).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing

Journal: Journal of dairy science

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effect, digestive stability, and action mechanism of casein peptide SPAQILQW activating macrophages via N-terminal serine.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26400

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 10. Effects of pathway inhibitors on the secretion of IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), and NO (C) by SPAQILQW in RAW 264.7 cells. Different lowercase letters in columns indicated significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Action mechanism of SPAQILQW in vitro Effect of pathway inhibitors on cytokines expression in RAW264.7 cells The action mechanism of the peptide was verified by treating RAW 264.7 cells with common pathway inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor HY10256, ERK inhibitor HY-162460 and MEK inhibitor HY-12028, MedChemExpress Co., USA) for 2 h and then treated with SPAQILQW (100 μg/mL).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of dairy science

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effect, digestive stability, and action mechanism of casein peptide SPAQILQW activating macrophages via N-terminal serine.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26400

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 11. Effect of SPAQILQW on p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK, and p-JNK/JNK in RAW 264.7 cells (A is a Western blot; B and C are relative gray value plots). Different lowercase letters in the columns indicated significant differences between groups (P < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Action mechanism of SPAQILQW in vitro Effect of pathway inhibitors on cytokines expression in RAW264.7 cells The action mechanism of the peptide was verified by treating RAW 264.7 cells with common pathway inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor HY10256, ERK inhibitor HY-162460 and MEK inhibitor HY-12028, MedChemExpress Co., USA) for 2 h and then treated with SPAQILQW (100 μg/mL).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: Journal of dairy science

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effect, digestive stability, and action mechanism of casein peptide SPAQILQW activating macrophages via N-terminal serine.

doi: 10.3168/jds.2025-26400

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 12. SPAQILQW activated RAW 264.7 cells through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.

Article Snippet: Action mechanism of SPAQILQW in vitro Effect of pathway inhibitors on cytokines expression in RAW264.7 cells The action mechanism of the peptide was verified by treating RAW 264.7 cells with common pathway inhibitors (p38 MAPK inhibitor HY10256, ERK inhibitor HY-162460 and MEK inhibitor HY-12028, MedChemExpress Co., USA) for 2 h and then treated with SPAQILQW (100 μg/mL).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Regulation of Myelination by Exosome Associated Retinoic Acid Release from NG2-Positive Cells

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2922-18.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Raldh2 activity is required for differentiation of NG2 + cells into myelinating oligodendrocytes after DRA. A , Experimental design. Four groups of rats were subject to C5–T1 DRA. In two groups, an LV was injected at the lesion site (DREZ) at the time of surgery; one was an LV shRNA Raldh2 and the other a scrambled shRNA. All rats were treated for 4 weeks from day two after the surgery. All LV-injected rats received RARβ agonist (3× a week), another group received RARβ agonist only, and the fourth group received RARβ agonist and disulfiram. At the end of the treatment period, SCs with corresponding injured DRs were collected for protein expression analysis. LV transfection was confirmed by GFP and Raldh2 immunostaining from a subgroup of rats culled 2 weeks after injury. At the end of the treatment period, myelination was assessed by the quantification of NG2, Olig1, and MAG at the DREZ. B , Images of the DREZ from a control group that had not been transfected with LV. LV-transfected rats show expression of Raldh2 and GFP in the scrambled LV and very little of Raldh2 in shRNA Radh2 LV. Scale bar, 50 μm. C , Expression of MAG, NG2, and Olig1 at the DREZ in all four treatment groups. Scale bars, 50 and 20 μm for left inset images. D , Quantification of immunofluorescence expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.) taken from an area of 300 μm 2 comprising the DREZ and adjacent PNS and CNS areas shows that MAG and Olig1 are significantly upregulated in scrambled LV- and RARβ-agonist-treated rats compared with Raldh2 shRNA LV- and RARβ agonist + disulfiram-treated rats. NG2 was significantly higher in these groups. Results are mean of fluorescence pixels ± SEM taken from 10 sections per animal from five rats per treatment group, ** p ≤ 0.005, *** p ≤ 0.001, Student's t test.

Article Snippet: The sections were incubated in the secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature in PBS/0.02% Tween and then washed in PBS 3× for 5 min. Antibodies used were as follows: mouse monoclonal anti-βIII tubulin (Promega, 1:1000, catalog #G7121, RRID: AB_430874 ); chicken polyclonal anti-GFAP (Abcam, 1:300, catalog #ab4674, RRID: AB_304558 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP (DAKO, 1:2500,); mouse monoclonal anti-GFAP (Sigma-Aldrich, 1:100, catalog #Z0334, RRID: AB_10013382 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-RARβ (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, 1:100, catalog #sc-552, RRID: AB_2175379 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-NG2 (Millipore, 1:100, catalog #05-710, RRID: AB_309925 ); goat polyclonal anti-aldehyde dehydrogenase1A2 (Raldh2) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc, 1:100, catalog #sc-22591, RRID: AB_2224036 ); mouse monoclonal anti-CSPG (CS-56) (Sigma-Aldrich, 1:100, catalog #C8035, RRID: AB_476879 ), goat polyclonal anti-decorin (R&D Systems, 1:20, for immunochemistry and 5 μg/ml as a neutralizing antibody, catalog #AF143, RRID: AB_354790 ), rabbit polyclonal anti-decorin (Abcam, 1:50, catalog #ab175404), rat monoclonal anti-CD44 (eBioscience, 1:150, catalog #14-0441-86, RRID: AB_467248 ), mouse monoclonal anti-MAG (Abcam, 1:2000, catalog #ab89780, RRID: AB_2042411 ); goat polyclonal anti-Olig1 (Abcam, 1:1000, catalog #ab68105, RRID: AB_1142042 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-myelin PLP (Abcam, 1:1000, catalog #ab105784, RRID: AB_10973392 ); goat polyclonal anti-RARα (Abcam, 1:100, catalog #ab28767, RRID: AB_777684 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-OSP (Abcam, 1:2000, catalog #ab53041, RRID: AB_2276205 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-RA (Abnova, 1:300, catalog #PAB15482, RRID: AB_10759405 ); rabbit monoclonal anti-EGFR (Abcam, 1:500, catalog #ab52894, RRID: AB_869579 ); rabbit polyclonal anti-AIP1/Alix (1:1000 for Western blotting, catalog #ABC40, RRID: AB_10806218 ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Injection, shRNA, Expressing, Transfection, Immunostaining, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence